Cariogenic Bacteria

Mnemonics for Cariogenic Bacteria

"SALiVA"

S-S.mutans, Sanguis, mitis, salivarius
A-A.viscus
L-Lactobacilli
V-Veillonella
A-A.naeslundi



In brief about cariogenic bacteria

• Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli are the most common cariogenic bacteria in Coronal Caries.
• Actinomyces viscus is the most common cariogenic bacteria in Root Surface or Smooth Surface Caries.
• Dental Plaque Organism- Streptococcus sanguis found earliest
• Other offenders: Actinomyces naeslundi, Veillonella, Streptococcus salivarious.

This article is for those who are searching for
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Pit And Fissure Caries

Mnemonics For Criteria For Diagnosis of Pit And Fissure Caries

"FLOSS"


F-Flakiness Of Enamel
L-Loss of Translucency
O-Opacity
S-Stickiness
S-Softening of the base of pit and fissure




In Brief About PIT AND FISSURE CARIES

• 84% of caries in 5-17 years old involved pit and fissure caries
• Dental Sealants are highly effective in prevention of pit and fissure caries.
• Fluoride has its least preventive effect on pit and fissure caries, compared to smooth surface decay.
• Children whose permanent teeth, especially molars, are erupting should be on recall intervals that are short enough to allow the dentist to place sealants on newly erupted molars before the pits and fissures can decay.
• Preventive resin restorations (PRRs) are indicated for small pit-and-fissure lesions that are too large to seal. The dentist should evaluate the extent of caries present when doing a PRR to confirm the diagnosis of active or inactive dentin or enamel caries. For patients who have caries in pits and fissures, the dentist should plan to place sealants in sound or incipient grooves and pits of premolars to remove those sites as reservoirs for bacteria.

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Ethical Principles

Mnemonics for Dental Ethics

"BAN the JV team for being unethical!"

B-Beneficence

A-Patient Autonomy

N-Nonmaleficence

J-Justice

V-Veracity

In Brief,

Beneficence:

• Do good
• Dentist are to render competent and timely care in an effort to benefit the patient

Patient Autonomy

• Self Governance
• Dentists, are to treat patients according to the patient's desire and protect patient's confidentially.

Nonmaleficence

• Do NO HARM
• Dentists, are to keep skills and knowledge up to date and practice within their limits in order to protect the patients from harm.

Justice

• Fairness
• Dentists are to deal justly with patient, colleagues and society

Veracity

• Truthfulness
• Dentists are to be honest and trustworthy, communicating truthfully and without deception.

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Epidermal Layer

Mnemonics For Epidermal Layer

From Innermost to Outermost

"Bad Sprinters Get Leg Cramps"

Basale

Spinosum

Granulosum

Lucidum

Corneum

Drugs Contraindicated In Breast Feeding

Mnemonics for Drugs Contraindicated In Breast Feeding (WITH EXPLANATION)

"BREAST"

B=Bromocryptin,Benzodiazepines
R=Radioactive isotopes/Rizatriptan
E=Ergotamin/Ethosuximide
A=Amiodarone/Amphetamines
S=Stimulant Laxatives/Sex hormones
T=Tetracyclins/Tretinoin

Effect of these drugs, In Brief:
Bromocryptin, which is used to suppress lactation, may induce hypertension.

Benzodiazepines are excreted in the breast milk and may produce lethargy, difficulty in feeding and jaundice. If their administration is unavoidable, the lowest effective, single dose of a short half-life benzodiazepine would be most appropriate

Ergotamine is excreted in breast milk and may cause symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, weak pulse and unstable blood pressure in nursing infants.

Ethosuximide is excreted in human breast milk. Because the effects of ethosuximide on the nursing infant are unknown, caution should be exercised when ethosuximide is administered to a nursing mother. Ethosuximide should be used in nursing mothers only if the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.

Since amiodarone can be expressed in breast milk, women taking amiodarone are advised to stop nursing.

Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine Extended-Release Capsules are found in breast milk

Tetracycline antibiotics should not be used in breast-feeding mothers because there is still the risk of causing teeth discoloration, enamel hypoplasia, inhibition of linear skeletal growth, oral and vaginal thrush, or photosensitivity reactions in the nursing infant.

Oral tretinoin is teratogenic and fetotoxic

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Levels of Structures passing through the DIAPHRAGM

"Count the number of letters in the word of the structure and you will get the answer"


Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Mnemonics for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 

"SOAP BRAIN"

S erositis (pleuritis, pericarditis)

O ral ulcers

A rthritis

P hotosensitivity

B lood (all are low - anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)

R enal (proteinuria)

A NA

I mmunologic (dsDNA, etc.)

N eurologic (e.g. seizures)


In brief about Lupus
Lupus is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute and chronic inflammation of various tissues of the body. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the body's tissues are attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex system within the body that is designed to fight infectious agents, such as bacteria and other foreign microbes. One of the ways that the immune system fights infections is by producing antibodies that bind to the microbes. 

People with lupus produce abnormal antibodies in their blood that target tissues within their own body rather than foreign infectious agents. Because the antibodies and accompanying cells of inflammation can affect tissues anywhere in the body, lupus has the potential to affect a variety of areas. Sometimes lupus can cause disease of the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, joints, and/or nervous system. When only the skin is involved, the condition is called lupus dermatitis or cutaneous lupus erythematosus. A form of lupus dermatitis that can be isolated to the skin, without internal disease, is called discoid lupus. When internal organs are involved, the condition is referred to as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Both discoid and systemic lupus are more common in women than men (about eight times more common). The disease can affect all ages but most commonly begins from 20-45 years of age. Statistics demonstrate that lupus is somewhat more frequent in African Americans and people of Chinese and Japanese descent.

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Anesthesia

Mnemonics for Anesthesia.....

Natural Local Anaesthetic Agent - Cocaine ( Well known by all, But mnemonics is for those, who newly entered into OS Department)
Mnemonics : Conserve Nature - N for Natural C for Cocaine

Safest LA in children - 2 Chloroprocaine

Mnemonics - 

This is the only LA which starts with Numeric "2"

We teach 1,2,3,4.. to children....

C- Children, C for Chloroprocaine

Wilson's Diseases

Mnemonics for Wilson's Disease

"ABCD "

Asterixis

Basal Ganglia Degenration. (parkinson's like symptoms)

Cirrhosis of liver, low Ceruloplasmin, Caiser rings (flescher caiser rings in the eye); Copper deposition in liver and brain,

Dementia

Cycle Of Ameloblast

Mnemonics for Life Cycle of Ameloblast

"My Old Friends Made Program to Delhi"

Six stages

Morphogenic

Organizing

Formative

Maturative

Protective

Desmolytic

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How To Remember Important Days

30 Jan - Anti Leprosy Day
Mnemonics : L for Leprosy And L for Lohri. Lohri festival is celebrated in January.


7 April - World Health Day
Mnemonics :7 oceans of world.
                  7 + 4 = 11
                  7 date, 4th Month.. 11 Resembles H


31 May - No tobacco Day
Mnemonics for Month : MAa will always stop u from all bad habits like Tobacco
Mnemonics for date : 3-1 = 2 i.e we are going BACK from 3 to 2. Back (toBACCo)

Chronic Renal Failure

RESIN & 8 Pʼs

Retinopathy
Excoriations (scratch marks)
Skin is yellow
Increased blood pressure
Nails are brown

Pallor
Purpura and bruises
Pericarditis and cardiomegaly
Pleural effusions
Pulmonary oedema
Peripheral oedema
Proximal myopathy
Peripheral neuropathy

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Auscultation Sites

" All Patients Take Medicines "


Starting from top left:
Aortic – 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge
Pulmonary – 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge
Tricuspid – 4th intercostal space, right sternal edge
Mitral – 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line



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Mnemonics for Various Tongue Conditions

Types of Tongues in Various Medical Conditions

Hunters Tongue/Moellers Tongue - Pernicious Anemia
[ALWAYS HUNT FOR PRECIOUS THINGS]


Bald Tongue Of Sandwith - Niacin Deficiency (PELLAGRA)
[NAI CAN MAKE YOU BALD]

Magenta Or Beefy Red Tongue - Riboflavin Deficiency
[R- RED , R- RIBOFLAVIN]


Scrotal Tongue - Fissure Tongue
[Rotten Fish]

Black Hairy Tongue - Prolonged Oral Use Of Antibiotics.
[BLACK And White HAIRS Are ANTI To Each Other]


Cerebriform Tongue - A Feature Of Pemphigus Vegetans.
[You need PEN(PEMphigus) To Fill The FORM(crebriFORM)]

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Dose Of Antitubercular Drug

Indian Railways Ending Special Package
5 10 15 20 25 mg/kg

Isoniazide -5mg/kg
Rifampicin - 10mg/kg
Ethambutol - 15mg/kg
Streptomicin - 20mg/kg
Pyrizinamide - 25mg/kg

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What To Ask During Case History

This Mnemonics Is Specially For 3rd year Students.

"COMPLAINS"

Chief Complaint: What is the problem?
Onset: what did it start?
Magnitude: is it mild,sever?
Pattern: Episodic,intermittent,constant?
Location:where it is?
Associated symptoms?
Improvement: what make it better?
Negative Stimuli: What makes worse?
Specific Episode: In past.

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Speed Of Rotatory Instruments

Ultra Low Speed - 300-600rpm
Low Speed- 3000-6000rpm
Medium High Speed- 20,000-45,000rpm
High Speed- 45,000 - 1 lakh rpm
Ultra High- >1Lakh rpm


Mnemonic
" Co relate it with Bike Price"

Suppose you want to buy a super fast bike like ninza etc. then you have to spend more than 1 lakh.

If you want to buy Not super fast, but faster than others like karizma zmr. then u have to spend more than 45000 but less than 1 lakh. price of bike around 85000

If u want to buy bike with medium speed, like passion, splendor, then u have to spend from 20,000 ( for old one) to 45000 (for new one)

You can get low speed 2nd hand scooty for 5-6000

300-600 me to ultra slow speed bicycle he ayegi... :)

Tags: Mnemonics for speed of rotatory instruments, Mnemonics for conservative, Mnemonics for endo, Mnemonics for dental, Mnemonics for instruments.

Anti-hypertensives used in emergencies

"Saurav Ganguly HELP"

Sodium nitroprusside
Glyceryltrinitrate
Hydralazine
Esmolol
Labetalol
Phentolamine

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Drugs causing Pancreatitis

"PADS"

Pentamidine
Azathioprim/ L- asparaginase
Didanosine
Sulfa drugs

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Eruption times of permanent dentition

"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine"
6,7,8,9,10,11,12...


1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years

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Thyroid tumors

1.Papillary Thyroid tumor ------ 5Ps
Popular
Palpable Lymph nodes
Positive I (131) uptake
Positive Prognosis
Post radiation in head and neck(cause)

2. Follicular tumor-------------- Fs
Female, Faraway metastasis, Favorable prognosis ,

3. Medullary tumor- Ms
MEN association (2a,2b) Median node dissection, aMyloid

Also remember the Lymphoma is most commonly associated with Hashimotto's Thyroiditis

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Factors Increasing Erythropoietin Levels

"PANGHAT"

P PROSTAGLANDIN E2
A ADENOSINE
N NOREPINEPHRINE
G
H HYPOXIA
A ANDROGENS
T THYROXINE

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TYPE I Hypersentivity Reaction

"PACT"

PK reaction
Allergic:atopy,anaphylaxis,eczema,asthma
Casoni's reaction
Theobald Smith phenomenon.

Tags: Mnemonics for dental microbiology, Mnemonics for allergy, Mnemonics for hypersentivity reaction, type 1, type 2, 

Types Of Virus

DNA viruses: " Amma has Pox, Papa has Parvo!"
Adeno, Herpes, Pox, Papova, Hepadna, Parvo

Positive RNA: Call Pico and Flow To Come Rightaway
 (calici, picorna, flavi, toga, corona, retro) out of which REPICA are naked (reo, picorna, calici)

Negative RNA: Pain Results From Our Bunions Always 
(paramixo, rhabdo, filo, orthomyxo, bunya, arena) out of which all are enveloped and helical (the only other helical is corona)

Tags:

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Cardiomyopathies

 " make the heart HARD "

Hypertrophic
Arrythmogenic right ventricular
Restrictive
Dilated

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Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve: Effect of shifts

Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve: Effect of shifts

"L-L-L" & "R-R"
Left shift: causes Loading of O2 into Hb ( Eg. At the Lungs)
Right shift: causes Release of O2 from Hb.


Left shift of the oxygen dissociation curve denotes Hb's increased affinity for oxygen (as in lungs) and right shift is a sign of decreased affinity.

Tags: Mnemonics for oxygen dissociation curve, Mnemonics for effect of shift, Mnemonics for physiology, Mnemonics for respiratory system,

Facultative Intracellular Bacteria

"FaT BoY LoST in MaiL"

Francisella Tularensis - Brucella - Yersinia - Legionella - Salmonella Typhi - Mycobacterium - Listeria

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Dimorphic Fungi

"Severe Blast Hails Public in Capital"


Severe = SPOROTHRIX
Blast = BLASTOMYCOSIS
Hails = HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
Public = PARACOCCIDIOMYCES, PENICILLIN MARFENII.
in
Capital= COCCIDIOMYCES,CANDIDA ALBICANS

Tags: Mnemonics for fungi, Mnemonics for micro, Mnemonics for microbiology, Mnemonics for dental, Mnemonics for dimorphic fungi

Facial nerve branches after Stylomastoid foramen

"Two Zebra Blew My Car"

Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal ,Mandibular,Cervical

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Facial Bones

"VOMER CAN NOT MAKE MY PET ZEBRA LAUGH!"

Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal

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12 CRANIAL NERVES

O - ONE -------(Olfactory)
O - OF -------- (Optic)
O - OUR -------(Oculomotor)
T - TRAINED --(Trochlear)
T - TEACHER --(Trigeminal)
A - ASKED -----(Abducent)
F - FOR ---------(Facial )
V - VERY -------(Vestibulocochlear)
G - GOOD -------(Glossopharyngeal)
V - VADA -------(Vagus)
A - AND ---------(Accessory)
H - HORLICKS - (Hypoglossal)

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Which cranial nerves are sensory , motor or both ?

The cranial nerves number one through twelve
 (dentists deal primarily with cranial nerve number five, the trigeminal nerve).

The mnemonic is:
"Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most."

By remembering this mnemonic, we instantly know that cranial nerve five is both (5B) sensory and motor.

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Branches Of Maxillary Nerve

"Men Gangs Are Maximum In Southern Zone"

Men - meningeal
Gangs - gangliar br to sphenopalatine ganglion
Maximum -maxillary
In - infra-orbital
Southern - superior alveolar, posterior, middle & anterior
Zone - zygomatic

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Line Of Treatment Of Pulmonary Oedema

"DOLMA"

D-DIGOXIN,
O-OXYGEN,
L-LASIX,
M-MORFINE,
A-AMINOPHYLLINE.

"DOLMA" IS A VERY FAMOUS FOOD IN THE MIDDLE EAST, SO IT WAS FUNNY AND
EASY TO REMEMBER!

Tags: Mnemonics for Line of treatment, Mnemonics for Line of treatment of pulmonary odema, Mnemonics for pulmonary diseases, Mnemonics for Treatment

ALPHA 1 OR ALPHA 2

" SINGLE "I" for alpha1 member
Two "I" for alpha2 member. "


A) Alpha1 agonists - phenylephrine,methoxamine.
B) Alpha1 blockers - prazosin,doxazosin,terazosin,tamsolusin.
C) Alpha2 agonists - clonidine methyldopa
D)Alpha2 blockers - yohimbine,mirtazapine

[Remember methydopa is alpha2 agonist.]

Tags: Mnemonics for alpha, mnemonics for alpha 1 or alpha 2, alpha one or alpha 2

DRUGS/CONDITIONS TO BE STOPPED BEFORE SURGERY

 "SEMLA"

S - smoking - 6 wks before
E - estrogen pills - 4 wk before
M - MAO - A irreversible - 3 wk before
L - lithium - 2 wk before
A - aspirin - 1 wk before

Tags: Mnemonics for Pregnancy, Mnemonics for drug stoped during pregnancy, Mnemonics for drug stoped before surgery

Adverse Effect Of ASPIRIN

"ASPIRIN"

Asthma 

Salicylism 

Peptic ulcer / Premature closure of PDA

Intestinal blood loss

Reye's syndrome

Idiosyncracy

Noise (tinnitus)

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Adverse effects of Morphine

" MORPHINE "

Miosis
Oliguria
Respiratory depression
Pruritus
Hypotension
Infrequency (constipation)
Nausea
Emesis (Vomiting)

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Adverse Effect Of Lithium

"LITHIUM"

Lethargy / Leucocytosis
Intentional Tremor
Teratogenicity
Hypothyroidism
Insipidus [Diabetes insipidus]
Urine excess
Metallic taste

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Uses Of CHLOROQUINE

" My RED LIp "

Malaria,

Rhematoiid arthritis,
Extraintestinal amoebiasis,
DLE,

Lepra reaction
Infectious mononucleosis
Photogenic reactions

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Nicotinic Effect

" MTWThF in rhythm "(days of week):

Mydriasis/ Muscle cramps
Tachycardia
Weakness
Twitching
hypertension/ hyperglycemia
Fasiculation

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KREB CYCLE ENZYMES

" Cindrella is kind so she Fell more often "

citrate, isocitrate, ketogluterate, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate...

or


Cricket : Citrate
Club : Cis-Aconitate
Of
India : Isocitrate
Often : Oxalosuccinate
Appoints : Alpha Ketoglutarate
Smart : Succinyl CoA
Secretaries : Succinate
For : Fumarate
Main : Malate
Office : Oxaloacetate

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Essential AMINO ACID

" PriVaTe TIM HALL"

Phe Val Thr Try Ile Met Hist Arg Leu Lys

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Glycolysis.

 "Girls Get Fat First, Get Drunk Blowing Psycho Perverted People Perpetually" or

"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies"

1. Glucose
2. Glucose-6-p
3. Fructose-6-p 4. Fructose-1,6-bis-p
5. G3P + Dihydroxyacetone-p
6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
7. 3-phosphoglycerate
8. 2-phosphoglycerate
9. phosphoenolpyruvate
10. pyruvate

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Isoenzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

 5 in number

''Ladies (LDH) like people with Heart much more than people with Brains"

L1---HHHH--Heart
L2---HHHM--RBC/Heart
L3---HHMM--Brain
L4---HMMM--Liver
L5---MMMM--Sketal Muscles

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Isoenzymes of Creatinine Kinase (CK)

 3 in number
"Our brain is at top & our heart is in middle"


CK1---BB--Brain
CK2---MB--Heart
CK3---MM--Sketal Muscles

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Autosomal Recessive

"A B C D E F G H"

Albinism.
Beta thalessemia.
Cystic Fibrosis.
Deafness.
Emphysema(alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency).
Friedrichs ataxia.
Gauchers disease.
Homocystinuria,Hemochromatosis.

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Autosomal Dominant

 " DOMINANT "


Dystrophicas Myotonic.
Ostogenesis Imperfecta.
Marfans syndrome.
Intermittent Porphyria.
Noonans Symdrome.
Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.
Neurofibromatosis.
Tuberous sclerosis.

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Three trisomies

Mnemonics For Trisomies

Puberty age 13  ---- Patau trisomy 13

Election age 18  --- Edwards trisomy 18

Drinking age 21 --- Downs syndrome 21


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Live attenuated vaccines

" ROME Is My Best Place To go Yet ! " 
dnt watch ROME on tv, to see its beauty, go ROME and watch it LIVE....

Rubella
Oral polio vaccine
Measles
Epidemic typhus
Influenza
Mumps
BCG
Plague
Typhoid oral vaccine
Yellow fever


This mnemonics is for those who are searching for
Mnemonics of microbiology, Mnemonics for vaccination, Mnemonics for live attenuated vaccine, dental mnemonics, mnemonics,

Structure Passing Through Foramen Ovale And Foramen Rotandum

OVALe --- MALE = Mandibular nerve, Accessory meningeal artrey , Lesser superficial petrosal nerve, Emissary vein .


ROTOMAX = Foramen Rotandum - Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve .

This mnemonics is for those who are searching for 

Anatomy mnemonics, dental mnemonics, bds mnemonics, mnemonics for structure passing through foramen, mnemonics for structure passing through foramen ovale, mnemonics for structure passing through foramen rotandum, 

Micro Update

Mnemonic of DIMORPHIC FUNGI added.

Pharma Update

Mnemonic of NICOTINIC EFFECT added.

MICRO UPDATE

Mnemonics of Facultative Intracellular Bacteria added.

PHARMA UPDATE

Mnemonics of USES OF CHLOROQUINE added.

PHYSIO UPDATE

Mnemonic of Oxygen Dissociation Curve (with image) added. 

PHARMA UPDATE

Mnemonics of ADVERSE EFFECT OF LITHIUM & ADVERSE EFFECT OF MORPHINE added.

PHARMA UPDATE

Mnemonic Of ADVERSE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN added

BCHEM UPDATES

Mnemonics has been updated

ANAT UPDATES

Mnemonics Has been updated in ANAT section.